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Tornado outbreak and floods of April 2–7, 2025

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Tornado outbreak and floods of April 2–7, 2025
Meteorological history
DurationApril 2–7, 2025
Tornado outbreak
Tornadoes133+
Maximum ratingEF3 tornado
Duration5 days, 6 hours, 10 minutes
Highest windsTornadic – 165 mph (266 km/h)
(Ebo, Missouri EF3 on April 2, Senatobia, Mississippi EF3 on April 3)
Highest gustsNon-tornadic – 110 mph (180 km/h) northwest of Magnolia, Arkansas on April 2
Largest hail2.75 inches (7.0 cm) in multiple locations on April 2
Winter storm
Maximum snowfall or ice accretionSnow – 12 inches (30 cm) in La Moure, North Dakota
Ice – 0.22 in (5.6 mm) in Frenchville, Maine
Extratropical cyclone
Lowest pressure986 hPa (mbar); 29.12 inHg
Flooding event
Maximum rainfall15.59 in (396 mm) in Benton, Kentucky
Overall effects
Fatalities25 total (10 tornadic, 15+ non-tornadic)[1]
Injuries47+[2]
DamageUnknown
Areas affectedSouthern and Midwestern United States
Power outages>318,000
Part of the tornado outbreaks of 2025, the 2024–25 North American winter and Floods in the United States in 2025

From April 2–7, 2025, a slow-moving weather system and a stationary front caused both a widespread and devastating tornado outbreak as well as historic and life-threatening flash flooding that impacted much of the Southern and Midwestern United States. The Storm Prediction Center (SPC) first began monitoring the Mississippi Valley and surrounding regions on March 28 for severe weather. By early on April 2, the SPC upgraded the region to a rare high risk, the second such issued just weeks after a historic outbreak in nearly the same regions. Later that day, a tornado struck Owasso, Oklahoma, causing damage to homes.[3][4] A significant tornado struck Nevada, Missouri, removing roofs from homes and injuring at least one person.[5] An EF2 tornado struck Pilot Grove, Missouri, destroying a manufactured home and tossing cars. The tornado sirens in the town did not sound due to a malfunction, though no-one was hurt.[6] A large, multiple-vortex EF3 tornado moved through the city of Lake City in Arkansas, prompting the issuance of a tornado emergency.[7][8] At least one person was killed by a tornado that struck Advance and Delta in Missouri, leaving significant damage to homes.[9] In the early morning hours of April 3, a tornado of at least EF3 intensity struck the city of Selmer, Tennessee, while another supercell produced another EF3 tornado near Slayden, Mississippi, prompting the issuance of another tornado emergency. Near La Grange, Tennessee, six people were killed and 21 others were injured when a tornado destroyed a mobile home.[10] 126 tornadoes have been confirmed so far, with surveys ongoing.

The slow progression of the weather system also resulted in days of heavy rainfall and caused catastrophic flash flooding across much of the Ohio Valley. A broad swath of 8–12 inches (20–30 cm) of rain fell across the same areas, especially in the state of Kentucky. Multiple major rivers overflowed their banks, causing widespread damage in neighboring towns, with some nearing record crest levels. Due to multiple rounds of severe weather hitting the same areas, storm surveys had to be delayed for several days.[11] At least 23 people in total have died as a result of the system; seven from tornadic activity and 16 from non-tornadic activity, including the flooding.[1] A further 14 have been injured.

Meteorological synopsis

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April 2

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The Convective Outlook issued for 1630Z by the Storm Prediction Center, showing a large high risk on the Mississippi River basin, including Memphis, Tennessee.[12]

Forecast

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Starting on March 28, 2025, the Storm Prediction Center began monitoring the risk of a severe weather event on April 2. Following a lack of expected severe potential the previous day, strong moisture return and the development of an upper-level system was discussed, with a 15% risk for severe weather being outlined over much of the middle Mississippi and Ohio Valleys.[13] The next day, as forecast models came into greater agreement about the mode and timing of the system, a 30% risk was introduced over parts of Arkansas, Missouri, Mississippi, Tennessee, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, with forecasters describing that confidence existed for "a widespread, potentially substantial severe event".[14] On March 30, the forecast was expanded to include parts of Texas, Louisiana, and Michigan in the risk area, as forecasted shear supported a primarily supercell-focused storm mode.[15]

Three days out from the event, on the morning of March 31, an enhanced (3/5) risk was outlined over an area overlapping the previous 30% zone, now also including small parts of Oklahoma, Iowa, and Alabama, while now covering the majority of Kentucky, Illinois, Arkansas, and Indiana. The system, now described as a negatively-tilted trough, was expected to produce a widespread outbreak of severe weather over the region. A large warm sector over the Great Lakes region, a powerful jet streak of 100 kn (120 mph; 190 km/h), and an intense cold front, were all expected to contribute to the event, with the forecast outlining the risk for significant tornadoes, strong wind, and large hail. A higher risk category for the forecast was discussed over the middle Mississippi Valley, fueled by the threat of "multiple long-lived significant supercells", but was ultimately decided against due to a lack of confidence in how the storm system developed throughout the day.[16]

An outlook on April 1 introduced a moderate (4/5) risk over small parts of Mississippi, Arkansas, Tennessee, Missouri, Kentucky, Illinois, and Indiana, driven by the threat of "significant to intense tornadoes", as outlined in updated model guidance.[17] Due to significantly less uncertainty regarding the development of the storms, the Storm Prediction Center issued a high risk (5/5) convective outlook over southern Illinois, eastern Missouri, western Kentucky and Tennessee, eastern Arkansas, and extreme northwest Mississippi for "multiple EF3+ tornadoes".[18]

Satellite image of the cyclone responsible for the outbreak on April 2

A mid-level trough was positioned over the central United States and will move northeastward, while at the surface, a strong surface cyclone will move through the upper Mississippi Valley, accompanied by a jet streak ejection of 120 knots (140 mph; 220 km/h), while a cold front moves through much of the region. A moist airmass was moving into the Ozarks and middle Mississippi Valley region, which was expected to rapidly destabilize throughout the day while convection along the cold front continued. MLCAPE, a measure of atmospheric instability, was forecast to reach 2,500–3,500 J/kg in the middle Mississippi Valley, while a rapid ejection of the mid-level jet will bring strong ascent into the warm sector, conducive for intense storm development. The initiation of discrete storms was initially expected to occur east of the cold front inside of an unstable airmass, a region expected to – around 4 to 7 p.m. CDT – harbor around 400 m2/s2 of storm-relative helicity in the first 3 kilometers of the atmosphere, alongside deep-layer shear of 60 knots. These conditions will be conducive to the development of discrete tornadic supercells, the strongest of which were expected to be capable of producing intense (EF3–EF5) tornadoes. Multiple intense tornadoes were forecasted throughout the evening. More supercells, potentially producing tornadoes, were outlined as a risk in the southern Ozarks and lower Ohio River valley.[19]

More supercells, focused on the threat of strong winds exceeding 70 mph (110 km/h) and large hail exceeding 2 in (5.1 cm) were expected to develop in the region extending from Texas through the Great Lakes region, which were expected to develop bowing line segments producing further severe wind gusts as storms develop. Atmospheric recovery across the Red River valley in Texas may support further supercells producing large hail after the main event concludes in the region.[19]

Development of storms

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Linear convection from the previous day persisted after midnight, with embedded supercells within the line posing a threat for tornadic activity due to the strongly sheared and destabilizing atmosphere over parts of Kansas and Missouri.[20] At 2 a.m., a surface-based cold front was still present, positioned from central Kansas towards Texas' southern plains, moving southeast. As moisture entered central Oklahoma, fueled by a strong southwesterly jet and steep mid-level lapse rates, the capped environment eroded, which created an environment conducive towards surface convection, including supercells capable of producing large hail and tornadoes.[21] Later on, at 4:30 a.m., as the line had migrated further east ahead of the cold front, forecasters noted that the potential for embedded supercells capable of wind, hail, and tornadoes, was increasing over much of Missouri and bordering regions of Kansas, Arkansas, and Oklahoma.[22] Shortly before 7 a.m., storms had been moving across Oklahoma, with a storm in the northeastern part of the state attaining a supercellular structure, producing a brief tornado debris signature in the vicinity of Tulsa and Rogers counties. The line of storms moved parallel to the cold front into a region with an atmospheric capping inversion, which reduced the threat of further organization.[23] Over central Missouri, a "somewhat messy storm mode" near the cold front moved towards an area marked by a relatively stable and capped atmosphere, which reduced the risk of severe hazards by 7:17 a.m.[24]

A CCTV still of a structure being raised into the air by a tornado shortly before hitting a house outside of Lebanon, Tennessee

Elevated storms had developed over parts of Ohio and Illinois, which produced a minor threat for hail and damaging winds throughout the later morning hours[25][26] Further south, in northeastern Texas and surrounding areas, storms had begun forming on a pre-frontal confluence in an area with a minor capping inversion and moderate instability levels around 2500 J/kg. As these storms developed, the hazard of hail and strong tornadoes was noted by forecasters, despite the uncertainty of timing and ability to overcome the cap.[27]

April 3

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April 4

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Forecast

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The day prior to the outbreak, the Storm Prediction Center outlined an Enhanced (3/5) risk over much of Arkansas and bordering regions of Oklahoma, Texas, and Missouri, as a surface cyclone was forecasted to develop over northeastern Texas or southeastern Oklahoma, which moved to the northeast, moving a warm sector into much of Arkansas and into far southern Missouri. Diurnal heating, alongside a growingly unstable atmosphere, strong shear, and forecasted storm-relative helicity values of 400 m2/s2 over the region, were forecasted to support supercells, potentially producing strong tornadoes. Elevated convection along a cold front moving over Texas was also forecasted to pose a threat for large hail.[28] A second outlook that day outlined a Moderate (4/5) risk over much of the same regions, with forecasters now outlining MLCAPE instability values between 2500 and 3500 J/kg over a frontal zone, which was expected to develop strong supercells capable of potentially strong tornadoes as the evening progressed. A conditional threat for strong, long-tracked tornadoes was also outlined ahead of the frontal zone. Despite weak forcing ahead of the frontal zone, strong MUCAPE instability values of 3000 to 4000 J/kg were forecasted to be conducive to the threat of discrete supercell development and the hazard of intense to violent tornadoes.[29]

Confirmed tornadoes

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See also: List of tornadoes in the outbreak and floods of April 2–7, 2025
Confirmed tornadoes by Enhanced Fujita rating
EFU EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5 Total
1 24 72 30 6 0 0 133+

Bay–Lake City–Monette, Arkansas

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Bay–Lake City–Monette, Arkansas
Meteorological history
FormedApril 2, 2025, 6:26 p.m. CDT (UTC–05:00)
DissipatedApril 2, 2025, 6:55 p.m. CDT (UTC–05:00)
Duration29 minutes
EF3 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds160 mph (260 km/h)
Overall effects
Fatalities0
Injuries8

This large and destructive high-end EF3 multiple-vortex tornado touched down west of Trumann at 6:26 p.m. CDT. It tracked northeastward across AR 69, causing minor damage to an outbuilding and damaging trees at EF0-EF1 intensity. After crossing I-555, the tornado intensified to low-end EF2 strength, snapping power poles along AR 463 southeast of Bay. It then derailed two freight trains on the BNSF Thayer South Subdivision before snapping additional power poles and trees and destroying outbuildings along AR 158. Further strengthening occurred as the growing tornado continued northeastward away from Bay, collapsing or heavily damaging several high-tension power line trusses at low-end EF3 intensity. Shortly after that, at 6:40 p.m. CDT, the National Weather Service in Memphis, Tennessee issued a tornado emergency for Lake City and points northeast.[30] The still-growing tornado then snapped trees and caused major roof and exterior wall damage to homes at EF2 intensity before crossing AR 158 and striking the west side of Lake City at the US 78/AR 158/AR 18/AR 135 intersection at high-end EF3 intensity. Multiple homes had all of their exterior walls and almost all of their interior walls knocked down, and trees were stubbed with some debarking noted, which was thought to be enhanced by flying debris. North of Lake City, the tornado stubbed or snapped more trees and snapped additional power poles.[31]

Moving northeastward away from Lake City, the tornado began to move along the same path as the 2021 Tri-State tornado, causing sporadic EF1-EF2 damage to trees in agricultural fields. As it approached Monette, the tornado unroofed and knocked down the exterior walls of homes and snapped more power poles. After crossing US 78/AR 18 to the west of town, the tornado unroofed and knocked down the exterior walls of another home, heavily damaged a funeral home, and blew the windows of a church. After crossing US 78/AR 18 again, destroying an outbuilding and unroofing another home, the tornado reached EF3 intensity again as it crossed AR 139. Another home had multiple exterior and interior walls knocked down, and a metal building system was leveled and swept away. It also destroyed six grain silos; two were left standing with severe damage while the other four were thrown across the street. The tornado weakened after that, scattering tin from the destroyed grain bins through fields before dissipating in Delfore at 6:55 p.m. CDT.[31]

Selmer–Adamsville–Hookers Bend, Tennessee

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Selmer–Adamsville–Hookers Bend, Tennessee
Meteorological history
FormedApril 3, 2025, 12:34 a.m. CDT (UTC–05:00)
DissipatedApril 3, 2025, 1:07 a.m. CDT (UTC–05:00)
Duration33 minutes
EF3 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds160 mph (260 km/h)
Overall effects
Fatalities6
Injuries21+

A large tornado of at least EF3 intensity struck the city of Selmer, Tennessee in the early morning hours of April 3, killing at least six people.[32]

Slayden, Mississippi/La Grange–Grand Junction, Tennessee

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Slayden, Mississippi/La Grange–Grand Junction, Tennessee
Meteorological history
FormedApril 3, 2025, 1:13 a.m. CDT (UTC–05:00)
DissipatedApril 3, 2025, 1:50 a.m. CDT (UTC–05:00)
Duration37 minutes
EF3 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds160 mph (260 km/h)
Overall effects
Fatalities2+
Injuries3+

A large and destructive wedge tornado struck the towns of Slayden, Mississippi and Grand Junction, Tennessee early on April 3, prompting the issuance of the second tornado emergency of the outbreak.[33] Debris was reportedly lofted 20,000 feet (6,100 m) into the air.[34] A preliminary survey assigned this tornado a high-end EF3 rating, with wind speeds of 160 mph (260 km/h).[31]

Non-tornadic effects

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Flooding

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The combination of a stationary front associated with the system and the slow progression eastward resulted in catastrophic and historic flash flooding in parts of Kentucky, Arkansas, Missouri, and Tennessee, with widespread rainfall totals of over 6 in (150 mm) being reported in many areas. In the state of Michigan, around 2–3 in (51–76 mm) of rain fell, breaking records.[35] Fort Wayne, Indiana picked up over 1 in (25 mm) of rain, ending the second longest 1+” drought on record.[36] Multiple flash flood emergencies were issued including one in Memphis on April 5 during the afternoon and the first ever issued for Little Rock, Arkansas in the morning due to persistent storms.[37] On April 6, heavy rainfall and flash flooding occurred in Mobile, Alabama and the surrounding areas, resulting in a number of flash flood warnings. A record of 6.51 in (165 mm) of rain fell at the Mobile Regional Airport.[38]

Kentucky

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The state that saw the worst flooding impacts by far was Kentucky,[39] with peak rainfall accumulations of over 15 in (380 mm) near the towns of Benton and Hickory. Two fatalities from flooding were confirmed in the state, a child in the city of Frankfort and a woman in Nelson County.[39] Governor Andy Beshear said that approximately 540 roadways, mostly in the western regions of the state, were closed due to flooding. 1,100 people were said to be without water services.[39]

Frankfort experienced record flooding, with the Kentucky River rising, and eventually cresting,[40] to 48.27 feet (14.71 m) on the morning of April 7, 17 feet (5.2 m) above normal flood stage and just short of the record of 48.47 feet (14.77 m) set on December 10, 1978.[39] Frankfort mayor Layne Wilkerson issued a curfew for the city to end on Monday, April 7. One resident described the river rising as much as "within 4 inches" in only 30 minutes.[41]

Downbursts

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An intense downburst brought winds of 110 mph (180 km/h) to areas near Lake Columbia in Columbia County, Arkansas on April 2. Hundreds of trees were downed, with one home suffering moderate damage due to a pine tree being uprooted and falling on it.[42]

Winter storm

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In La Moure, North Dakota, a CoCoRaHS observer reported a 48-hour snowfall total of 12 in (30 cm) between April 2 and 3.[43] Around 3–5 in (7.6–12.7 cm) of snow fell in west central Minnesota.[44]

Impacts and aftermath

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Municipal siren tests in Columbus, Ohio and Little Rock, Arkansas were canceled on April 2 due to expected severe weather.[45] Ahead of the storm, Kentucky governor Andy Beshear issued a state of emergency ahead of the April 2 tornado outbreak and flooding in the state.[46] He stated that no fatalities had been confirmed in the state.[11]

Relief efforts

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After the storms, The Y'all Squad, headed by weather presenter, YouTuber, TikToker, and Internet personality Ryan Hall, deployed aid trucks to Tennessee and Arkansas.[47]

[edit]
Further information: NOAA under the second presidency of Donald Trump

Following staff cuts to NOAA, the National Weather Service office in Louisville, Kentucky, announced they would not be conducting tornado damage surveys until early the next week after the outbreak.[11][48][49] On April 4, Bloomberg and Axios reported that the website of the National Severe Storms Laboratory, which runs forecast models, and various other websites and systems used in the delivery of warnings, were set to be shut down at midnight on April 5 as a result of contract terminations at NOAA and a directive to NOAA to cut all IT-related spending by 50%. This was later pushed back to July 31, following a renewal of a contract with Amazon Web Services.[50]

The National Weather Service Office in Memphis issued a Public Information Statement on April 4, announcing that due to the lack of bandwidth caused by high staff workloads, the issuance of severe weather statements for non-severe storms were suspended temporarily, ahead of that day's severe weather event. The posting of local storm reports was also put on hold due to a "tremendous backlog", with the decision being made to have reports be posted in bulk to avoid outdated information in a "chaotic operational environment".[51]

See also

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Notes

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References

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  1. ^ a b "25 dead as significant severe weather, flash flooding tear through parts of US". ABC News. ABC News. April 8, 2025. Retrieved April 9, 2025.
  2. ^ "Severe weather live updates: 'Life-threatening, catastrophic' flash floods and tornadoes to hit Midwest and South". NBC News. April 3, 2025. Retrieved April 3, 2025.
  3. ^ "Deadly storm brings new rounds of tornadoes and flash floods". The Washington Post. April 4, 2025. Retrieved April 4, 2025.
  4. ^ Martin, Jeff. "Tornadoes damage homes and power lines as storms wallop Midwest and South". AP News. Retrieved April 3, 2025.
  5. ^ Christian, Dutcher. "At least one person injured following southwest Missouri tornado". KOMA. Retrieved April 3, 2025.
  6. ^ Sloan, Nick; Kurtz, Jackson. "EF-2 tornado in Pilot Grove, Missouri". KMBC News 9. Retrieved April 3, 2025.
  7. ^ Cann, Christopher. "Powerful storm roars into central US, threatens 'generational' rainfall". USA TODAY.
  8. ^ "Roofs Ripped Off, Semis Blown Over As Severe Weather Rips Across Midwest, South". The Weather Channel. Retrieved April 3, 2025.
  9. ^ "1 confirmed dead between Advance and Delta, Mo. after storms". KFVS 12. Heartland News. Retrieved April 3, 2025.
  10. ^ "IEM :: Local Storm Report App". April 3, 2025.
  11. ^ a b c "Live weather updates: Beshear confirms no reported fatalities, urges continued caution for residents". The Courier-Journal. April 3, 2025.
  12. ^ Thompson; Jirak (April 2, 2025). "Apr 2, 2025 1630 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook". Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved April 2, 2025.
  13. ^ Goss (March 28, 2025). "Day 4-8 Severe Weather Outlook Issued on Mar 28, 2025". Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved March 31, 2025.
  14. ^ Goss (March 29, 2025). "Day 4-8 Severe Weather Outlook Issued on Mar 29, 2025". Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved March 31, 2025.
  15. ^ Goss (March 30, 2025). "Day 4-8 Severe Weather Outlook Issued on Mar 30, 2025". Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved March 31, 2025.
  16. ^ Lyons; Goss (March 31, 2025). "Mar 31, 2025 0730 UTC Day 3 Severe Thunderstorm Outlook". Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved March 31, 2025.
  17. ^ Bentley (April 1, 2025). "Apr 1, 2025 1730 UTC Day 2 Convective Outlook". Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved April 1, 2025.
  18. ^ Gleason; Leitman (April 2, 2025). "Apr 2, 2025 1300 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook". Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved April 2, 2025.
  19. ^ a b Broyles; Weinman (April 2, 2025). "Apr 2, 2025 0600 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook". Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved April 2, 2025.
  20. ^ Leitman; Gleason (April 2, 2025). "Mesoscale Discussion 345". Storm Prediction Center.
  21. ^ Leitman; Gleason (April 2, 2025). "Mesoscale Discussion 346". Storm Prediction Center.
  22. ^ Leitman; Gleason (April 2, 2025). "Mesoscale Discussion 347". Storm Prediction Center.
  23. ^ Leitman (April 2, 2025). "Mesoscale Discussion 349". Storm Prediction Center.
  24. ^ Leitman; Gleason (April 2, 2025). "Mesoscale Discussion 350". Storm Prediction Center.
  25. ^ Leitman; Gleason (April 2, 2025). "Mesoscale Discussion 351". Storm Prediction Center.
  26. ^ Wendt; Guyer (April 2, 2025). "Mesoscale Discussion 352". Storm Prediction Center.
  27. ^ Wendt; Guyer (April 2, 2025). "Mesoscale Discussion 353". Storm Prediction Center.
  28. ^ Jewell (April 3, 2025). "Apr 3, 2025 0600 UTC Day 2 Convective Outlook". Storm Prediction Center.
  29. ^ Bentley (April 3, 2025). "Apr 3, 2025 1730 UTC Day 2 Convective Outlook". Storm Prediction Center.
  30. ^ "MEG Tornado Warning #55". Iowa Environment Mesonet. National Weather Service Memphis, TN. Retrieved April 2, 2025.
  31. ^ a b c Various National Weather Service offices (2025). "Damage Assessment Toolkit" (Interactive map and database). DAT. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  32. ^ Jones, Charlie. "'Monster' Midwest tornadoes kill three as terrifying pictures map trail of devastation". The Mirror US. Retrieved April 3, 2025.
  33. ^ "MEG Tornado Warning #85". Iowa Environment Mesonet. National Weather Service Memphis, TN. Retrieved April 3, 2025.
  34. ^ Sharma, Swastik (April 3, 2025). "Tornadoes Hit Slayden, Grand Junction & Selmer Amid Severe Storms | Watch". The Daily Guardian.
  35. ^ "April 2-3, 2025 Heavy Rain, Flooding & Severe Weather". Retrieved April 4, 2025.
  36. ^ "Long gap between one inch of precipitation ends in record fashion Wednesday". WANE. Retrieved April 4, 2025.
  37. ^ Sistek, Scott (April 5, 2025). "Catastrophic rainfall triggers Flash Flood Emergencies, evacuations as relentless storms drag into fourth day". Fox Weather. p. 2.
  38. ^ US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "April 6th 2025 Excessive Rainfall". www.weather.gov. Retrieved April 7, 2025.
  39. ^ a b c d Oberholtz, Chris (April 7, 2025). "2 dead, 1 missing, hundreds displaced as Kentucky grapples with historic flooding". FOX Weather.
  40. ^ "Officials confirm the Kentucky River has crested in Frankfort". LEX 18 News - Lexington, KY (WLEX). April 7, 2025.
  41. ^ Davenport, Jane (April 7, 2025). "'The water came up really quick': Frankfort residents react to historic flooding".
  42. ^ "NWS Damage Survey for 04/02/2025 Tornado Event". Iowa Environmental Mesonet. National Weather Service Shreveport, Louisiana. April 8, 2025.
  43. ^ "APRIL 2ND-APRIL 3RD 48-HR SNOWFALL REPORTS". Iowa Environmental Mesonet. National Weather Service Bismarck, North Dakota. April 3, 2025.
  44. ^ "Summary of the April Fools Snow Storm". NWS Twin Cities. Retrieved April 5, 2025.
  45. ^ Griffin, Daniel (April 1, 2025). "Why Wednesday's tornado siren test is canceled". NBC4I. Retrieved April 2, 2025.
  46. ^ Prociv, Kathryn; Helsel, Phil; Batra, Janat (April 2, 2025). "At least 1 dead, 10 hurt as 'dangerous' system hits much of U.S., spins up tornadoes and flood risk". NBC News. Retrieved April 4, 2025.
  47. ^ The Y'all Squad (April 3, 2025). "Our trucks are rolling out to Tennessee and Arkansas, loaded with supplies for communities impacted by yesterday's tornado outbreak. Shovels, rakes, brooms, cleaning supplies, and more—headed straight to those who need them most. Thanks to your generosity, we're making an immediate impact!" (Post on 𝕏). 𝕏 (Formerly Twitter). @TheYallSquad. Retrieved April 4, 2025.
  48. ^ Breese, Travis. "The National Weather Service in Louisville has no plans to go out and confirm tornadoes today. We were told last night this is because of recent staffing cuts. They will still attempt to confirm tornadoes from media pictures". X. @tbreeseontv. Retrieved April 3, 2025.
  49. ^ Breese, Travis. "Here is the official message from the NWS to local meteorologists Wednesday morning". X. @tbreeseontv. Retrieved April 3, 2025.
  50. ^ Freedman, Andrew (April 4, 2025). "Canceled contract means NOAA research websites slated to go dark". Axios. Retrieved April 4, 2025.
  51. ^ "Memphis Operational Status Update". National Weather Service Memphis, Tennessee. April 4, 2025.
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